Central Planning Of The Soviet Union - 785 Words

Central Planning Central planning occurs when the state controls every aspect of economic production, consumption, investment, and decision. Central planning ensured that the communist party remained in total control of the economy. With the central planning system, leaders could effectively and rapidly organize resources in times of need (i.e., Nazi invasion). The historical efforts to establish a central planning economic system have led to many issues, one of the primary concerns being, Russia’s transition to a market economy. Today, prices are still fixed for certain goods and services by the Russian government. Glasnost Glasnost was the concept of openness that was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev when he was elected as the Soviet Union General Secretary of the Soviet Union. This concept had a significant effect on Soviet Union during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. In employing glasnost, Gorbachev attempted to rid the Soviet Union of the lies that had been established as a result of The Leninist system that was previously in place. Ultimately, he wanted to bring transparency to the Soviet Government. Additionally, Gorbachev wanted to enable greater freedom in areas such as media, individual ideology, and religion. New Economic Policy (NEP) New Economic Policy is a term that traces back to the letter, which Lenin received from an acquaintance named, Nikolai Rozhkov. The goal of NEP was to replace the failing economic approach known as War Communism. It was alsoShow MoreRelated6 Step Financial Management Process745 Words   |  3 PagesAs of 2013, there are a total of 196 recognized sovereign countries in the world. The economies of each of these 196 countries all face the challenge of trying to tackle the central economic problem of scarcity. There is scarcity because people have infinite wants but the resources available to fulfill these wants are finite. This situation has raised the key economic question of ‘what?’, ‘how?’ and ‘for whom’ to produce. The way in which a country decides to answer this question tends to determineRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union949 Words   |  4 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union can ultimately be attributed to three broad, complex, a nd interconnected issues: The economy, Leadership, and Geography. All three of theses factors are interconnected and each contain several reasons why they contributed to the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. The first and most simple reason the Soviet Union failed can be attributed to their geographical challenges. The Soviet Union suffered two problems in regard to geographic challenges. Firstly the countryRead MoreUrban Segregation And Its Effects On Residential Preferences Shaped By Liberal Market Forces And National Identity890 Words   |  4 Pagessegregation patterns† (Leetmaa) among ethnic groups in post-communist Tartu, Estonia within the context of immigration policies implemented during the Soviet communist era. Using two dimensions – â€Å"preferences and segregation –ethnicity and neighbor affluence† (Leetmaa ,163), the study explores the possible causes of residential segregation in post-Soviet Tartu and its effects on residential preferences shaped by liberal market forces and national identity. The research is presented through an urbanRead MoreEssay on Who If Any One Won the Cold War?691 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween the United States and the Soviet Union, each known during this time as the super powers. This conflict consisted of the differing attitudes on the ideological, political, and military interests of these two states and their allies, exte nded around the globe. A common political debate covers the issue of who, if anyone won the Cold War. Many believe the United States won the Cold War since (it) had resulted in the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. While others are to believe theRead MoreThe Economic Crisis And The Arms Race1165 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor reasons of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall had a big impact on today’s politics. The Soviet Union was formed in 1922. It consisted of 15 Soviet Republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tajikistan, Tu rkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). The main ideologies were communism and Socialism. One of the most prominent leaders of the Union was Joseph Stalin. The Soviet Union was one of the leading empires inRead MoreThe Relationship Between Economic And Urban Form1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between Economic and Urban Form A Case Study of Russia Economic History of Russia The Russian economy and the rest of the Soviet Union was operated on the basis of centrally planned economy for almost over 60 years. It functioned with a state control over nearly all means of production, investment, consumption and production decisions throughout the economy. The policy under economy was made according to directives from the Communist Party, which was known to control all aspectsRead MoreCollapse Of The Soviet Union Inevitable1334 Words   |  6 Pages Final Draft: Collapse of the Soviet Union Was the collapse of the Soviet Union inevitable? Kenneth Mejia U.S. History Period 5 5/18/201 Throughout history, war has been the most common resort for nations to solve problems or show off their strength. However it wasn’t until recently where mankind had just live and experience a war that not only did it have the potential destroy nations, but also had the potential to destroy the whole world and humanity itself. This was known as theRead MoreThe Soviet Union During World War II878 Words   |  4 Pagesaccount economic output as a decisive factor. Overy concedes to this point as well, citing Soviet evacuation of civilians and industry as salvation for the Eastern front. (Overy, 181) As the Germans flooded into the Soviet Union in 1941 entire populations and industries fled to the east, destined for the Urals, the Volga region, and Eastern Siberia. Along with saving Soviet industry by relocation, the Soviets also destroyed what they could not move including food and manufacturing plants. DestructionRead MoreCommunism : A Social, Economic, And Political Ideology109 3 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity is distinguished from any privileged class; the common people with respect to their political power. (Dictionary.com) These two definitions of the Soviet Union and the United States forms of government come into play after WWII. Answering the questions; why was the United States afraid of the Soviet Union after WWII, and why was the Soviet Union afraid of the U.S and Western Europe? Only one answer for both comes to mind, â€Å"Communism.† It seems like such a scary word, especially for a hard workingRead MoreGorbachev : The Soviet Revolution959 Words   |  4 Pagesin history classes, at least, in my experience. He really should be, though, for he was one of the most influential figures in Russian history, from his remarkable early achievements, his quick rise to power, his attempt at major reforms to the Soviet Union, and his continued political influence after his resignation. Born Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, this man began his early life on March 2, 1931, in Privolnoye (Privolye) in the Stavropol territory of Russia. He was born a peasant to Sergei and

Public Health Problem Light Coming From The Sun

Public Health Problem â€Å"Radiation is energy that travels as a wave or particle (Thompson E.G., Hahn C, 2013). Different types of radiation exists, light coming from the sun being the most common source known to people. Thus, society is exposed to radiation on the daily basis. Ionizing radiation, in particular, can be harmful - depending on the source and the degree of exposure. (Thompson E.G., Hahn C, 2013). DNA mutations can occur when ionizing radiation is absorbed by a human cell, causing the cell to die or become damaged (leading to problems later on in life such as cancer) (unknown 2015). Strong harmful doses of radiation are used when performing medical treatments or procedures such as CT scans or X-rays. CT scans play a major role†¦show more content†¦(Brenner D.J., Hall E.J, 2007). Children are considerably more sensitive than adults to the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation. A child’s young age also gives radiation a larger window of opportunity to express its damage (Kleinerman R.A., 2006). The order of the most radiosensitive organ sites in children are the thyroid gland, breasts, bone marrow (leukemia), brain and skin (Kleinerman R.A., 2006). For example, brain tumors have been reported following the radiotherapy of tinea capitis and hemangioma following the dose order of 1-Gy (Kleinerman R.A., 2006). The energy absorbed per unit of mass is measured in grays (Gy) and 1 grey is equal to 1 joule of radiation energy absorbed per kilogram. The discontinued use of CT scans will help reduce radiation exposure, but as we’ve seen its medi cal use has only been increasing. Natural background radiation cannot be prevented, everyone is exposed to this type of ionizing radiation yearly. An example of background radiation are cosmic rays, which are radioactive particles that hit the earth from outer space such as the sun and neighboring stars (unknown 2015). The earth’s atmosphere blocks a portion of these rays, hence exposure is greater in locations with high altitudes. Airline flight workers are classified as radiation workers because they are consistently exposed to radiation when flying, especially over long periods of time. (NASA, no date). People living in high altitudes and having medical tests

Accounts and Finance

Questions: You are Susans assistant and you have been asked to prepare a report that is backed by scholarly literature addressing the following issues regarding approaches to compensation: a. Typical elements of compensation packages b. Outline the key assumptions of traditional agency theory and theirinfluence on approaches to compensation c. Explain the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and therelationship between the two motivations d. How might an employees attitude to risk influence their desiredcompensation package? e. How might the time period when employee receives a financial benefitinfluence they desire for the benefit? f. What role do fairness considerations have when determiningcompensation? g. Why an executive compensation committee may provide benefits indetermining compensation. h. How to structure an executive compensation committee to achieve thebest outcomes. i. Conclusion: use the information in your previous answers to developrecommendations for determining compensation that enhance job satisfaction and work motivation. Answers: Introduction In the given report, a construction company, whose director and CEO is Bill Strong is worried about the decreasing motivation of its employees. Therefore, he wants to introduce an executive compensation committee to reward its employees in which the executives will be given shares of the company, which will be held in the trust for three years before employees can sell them. For this reason, he has appointed a CFO to look after the matter who has suggested that the intrinsic value must be taken into account whereas CEO is of view that traditional agency theory approach must be implemented to determine compensation of executives. Discussion (a) Elements of Compensation Executives are one of the important factors for the growth and sustainability an enterprise hence compensation package is another factor that is paid to the executives in return of the work performed by them (Major, Sawyer and Kunstman 2013). The compensation package differs from company to company but there are some basic elements of the compensation package that are same. In the given case of Strong Built Construction Company, a new Chief Financial Officer, Susan Bold is appointed who seeks information for typical elements of compensation that are stated as follows: Basic Salary Annual or Quarterly Bonus Other Bonus Stock Options Stock Equity Pre- tax contribution Health perquisites Life and Accident Insurance Travelling or Legal Insurance Other basic perquisites The above-mentioned elements are basic elements, which an organization provides to its executives whereas; these elements may vary from entity to entity based on factors like geographical region, industrial norms and policy, professional qualification and experience (LaCosse et al. 2015). Further, an organization may provide high basic salary and low compensations and perquisites while some companys may provide low basic salary and high compensations and perquisites depending on the industrial policies. (b) Assumptions and influence of traditional agency theory Agency theory is the relationship between principals and agents. Principals are those who hire agents to perform task according their need and in return pay them remuneration. The key assumptions of traditional agency theory are the principals are the masters and employees have to do what their masters tell them to do (Moradi et al. 2014). The relation between the argents and principals are not always harmonious, it is concerned with conflicts within the agency only, it has implication on business ethics and corporate governance and it gives rise to agency cost. Because of this agency assumption, it gives rise to conflict in employer-employee relationship. It also tends to de motivate the employees and discourage them while performing their work. If this thing happen in an organization on a regular basis then will become more and more difficult to achieve organizational goals and objectives (Sonnier 2013). The stakeholders will also lose faith on executives and board members on whom they have delegated authorities. (c) Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation in which employees are motivated to work hard in order to get reward or avoid any type of punishment. Intrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation in which an employee work hard in order to satisfy him personally without and external reward i.e. doing any work for own sake (Wilkins, Hermanson and Cohen 2015). The main difference of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is that extrinsic motivation comes from inside whereas intrinsic motivation comes from external reward. Various surveys have shown that excessive external reward for a task for which employees are already internally motivated can lend down the intrinsic motivation of an executive (Conyon 2014). Extrinsic motivation can be helpful in situation where individual have no personal interest on the work, it is best to motivate an employee when a new training to obtain new skills is to be given to the employee. The relations between these two motivations are external rewards which are given unexpectedly does not reduce intrinsic. Praising can also help to increase the employees internal motivation. Both the motivation if put together, can play an important role in setting up learning objectives and motivate the employees. (d) Employees attitude toward risk affecting their package In an organization, there are various factors, which influence the attitude of an employee. The management policies toward their employees give rise to the risk factor within the employees. If the management tendency is to terminate their employees if their performance falls below certain level or punish then it will give rise to internal risk of low job security among the employees and they will demand higher compensation for maintaining a certain standard of work (Hermanson et al. 2012). If the work done by the employees is highly risky to their health or other issues then they will demand higher compensation package for working in such environment. This issue must be taken into account by the management of the company while determining the compensation package of a employee. It is a very well known fact that if employees can smell risks factor in their job then they will tend to demand a high package (McCall et al. 2014). So management must ensure that there no risk factor in the job done by their employees or at least minimize the risk factor so that the employee cost of the overall organization is lower. (e) Time-period of receiving financial benefit. Whenever any financial benefit is given by the organization to its employees, it is a bit time consuming. Time is required due to various reasons like calculating and processing with the incentives, certain structure of the rewards like employees stock option scheme where first company gives an option to their employees then employees execute their option after certain fixed time and then the company makes allotment (Dittmann, Yu and Zhang 2015). This can be very lengthy process sometimes, which may affect the desire of the employees toward the benefit. Employees may tend to think that they may not even get the incentives after such long period as it will get un-noticed by the management and their hard work will have no reorganization. If an employees is of urgent need of money and because of that he tends to work hard to get incentives immediately then benefits given to him after a long period of time will not be of any help to him. (f) Fairness consideration while determining compensation The management of an organization must while determining incentives and rewards payable to their employees consider fairly the hard work done by all employees. Management must not be partial towards some employees i.e. they must not prioritize their employees. If partiality becomes a companys policy then it will hamper its reputation and de-motivate their employees (Guthrie, Sokolowsky and WAN 2012). Most of the executives will not be willing to work hard if they come to know that their effort will never be rewarded as some of the executives who have linkups with top management will only be rewarded even though they did not perform well. All the employees of the organization must be treated equally by the management to motivate them achieve organizational goals and objectives. (g) Executive compensation committee The main object of Executive compensation committee is to perform the responsibility delegated by board of directors in managing and designing executive compensation for its executives. While performing its duties the committee must take into account the monetary as well as non-monetary compensation and benefits payable to its executives. The committee should take advice from a self-governing compensation consultant hired by the organization. The advisor will independently act without any bounding from the management, evaluate the performance of each executive, and compute the benefits and rewards accruable to them accordingly (Boyle and Roberts 2013). This will also motivate the executives, as there will be fair consideration of their hard work. (h) Structure of Executive Compensation Committee As per new rules made by Australian government, every listed company must have an Executive committee consisting of independent directors. The committee must comprise of at least three to six members. The average members of executive compensation committee are 5. The independent directors must not have any financial interest in the organization. The executive committee must meet at least 4 times in a year and at least once in a year. The members of the committee may not be expert in deciding compensation but they should have the knowledge of analyzing cost, benefits and risk (Bol, Hecht and Smith 2015). The committee members must have the capability to ask complicated questions and put a limitation on the payment made to the executives. The members of the committee must be rotated at periodic intervals to ensure transparency in the committee. (i) Conclusion From the typical analysis of the above questions, a clear understanding of various compensation packages required to motivate the employees is obtained. Traditional agency theory can and its impact on the organization is understandable from the above analysis. The difference between external and internal motivation and their relation is clear. The risk factor that affects the compensation on an executive is also discussed. The time factor to getting the rewards and incentives can also affect the motivation of the employees to work hard. Fairness in determining the compensation is also a big motivating factor for its employees. The structure and role of executive compensatory is also analyzed. References Bol, J.C., Hecht, G. and Smith, S.D., 2015. Managers' discretionary adjustments: The influence of uncontrollable events and compensation interdependence.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(1), pp.139-159. Boyle, G. and Roberts, H., 2013. CEO presence on the compensation committee: a puzzle.Journal of Economics and Business,70, pp.16-26. Conyon, M.J., 2014. Executive compensation and board governance in US firms.The Economic Journal,124(574), pp.F60-F89. Dittmann, I., Yu, K.C. and Zhang, D., 2015. How important are risk-taking incentives in executive compensation?.Available at SSRN 1176192. Guthrie, K., Sokolowsky, J. and WAN, K.M., 2012. CEO compensation and board structure revisited.The Journal of Finance,67(3), pp.1149-1168. Hermanson, D.R., Tompkins, J.G., Veliyath, R. and Ye, Z.S., 2012. The Compensation Committee Process*.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(3), pp.666-709. LaCosse, J., Tuscherer, T., Kunstman, J.W., Plant, E.A., Trawalter, S. and Major, B., 2015. Suspicion of White people's motives relates to relative accuracy in detecting external motivation to respond without prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,61, pp.1-4. Major, B., Sawyer, P.J. and Kunstman, J.W., 2013. Minority Perceptions of Whites Motives for Responding Without Prejudice The Perceived Internal and External Motivation to Avoid Prejudice Scales.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, p.0146167213475367. McCall, C., Steinbeis, N., Ricard, M. and Singer, T., 2014. Compassion meditators show less anger, less punishment, and more compensation of victims in response to fairness violations.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience,8. Moradi, S., Garcia, D., Andersson Arntn, A.C. and Archer, T., 2014. Motivation as a Mediator: Internal External Factors fostering Employee Engagement. In26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA. Sonnier, B.M., 2013. The effects of wrongdoer motivation and internal versus external reporting channel on the intention to report fraud.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,5(2), pp.77-113. Wilkins, A.M., Hermanson, D.R. and Cohen, J.R., 2015. Do Compensation Committee Members Perceive Changing CEO Incentive Performance Targets Mid-Cycle to be Fair?

The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English by C Essay Example For Students

The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English by C Essay hristianmonks around 750 AD, is a wonderful adventure story about a warrior whokills ferocious monsters. The use of description and imagery enlivensthe story, making it possible for a reader to really see in his or hermind the characters and events. Metaphors, exaggeration, andalliteration are three devices that together allow the reader toexperience this poem which is quite different than most other poetry. A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase thatordinarily means one thing is applied to another thing to suggest alikeness between the two. Metaphors are used extensively throughout thepoem to paint a more colorful picture in the listeners mind. Thesemetaphors are used in phrases called kennings. A kenning is adescriptive, poetical expression used instead of a simple name for aperson or thing. Beowulf is hardly ever called by his actual name. We will write a custom essay on The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English by C specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Instead there are many kennings referring to him, such as: Prince ofthe Weders, The Son of Ecgtheow, The Geatish hero, and The Lord ofthe Seamen. These kennings describe Beowulf to us in a more interestingway than just stating the hard facts. Without these kennings Beowulfwould be less interesting and we would learn less about him. Anybodywould say that describing or referring to a person by his or her nameover and over again is boring. So the use of kennings and metaphors isvery important in this long epic poem. Exaggeration is another device to make Beowulf a moreinteresting, entertaining, and dramatic poem. For example, even thoughthis story is a fantasy, it is hard to believe that the character ofBeowulf would be able to kill a monster like Grendel with his barehands. Exaggerating Beowulfs bravery makes the story more exciting. Another exaggeration used to convince us how great our hero is, is thepassage, Over all the world, or between the seas, / Or under theheaven, no hero was greater. (671-672). This dazzles the listener withBeowulfs bravery. His bravery is again exaggerated when he jumps in theswamp wearing heavy armor to fight and kill Grendels mother. Itsunlikely even a strong warrior could win a battle with a she-monster inan underwater cave with a broken sword. But it adds to the excitement. In the line The head of Grendel, with heavy toil; / Four of thestoutest, with all their strength, / Could hardly carry on swaying spear/ Grendels head to the gold-decked hall. (1109-1112) exaggerations aremade concerning the size and weight of the monsters head. Again, itportrays a more gruesome and dramatic scene to the listenersimagination. Alliteration, which is repeating the same sound, usually aconsonant, at the beginning of words or in accented syllables, givesthis story a more poetic sound. Alliteration also helped the scops orstorytellers in memorizing the tales. Examples of alliteration can befound throughout the poem such as, The Hall of the Heart, His pledgeand promise, Dragging the dead men home to his den, Fitted andfurnished, and Showed sea-cliffs shining. This device adds creativityand rhythm to the poem. It makes it more entertaining to read, speak, orlisten to such a long story. Metaphors in the kennings, exaggerations, and alliteration allhelp in developing vivid descriptions and imagery to entertain andbeautifully tell the story of Beowulf. Imagery, figures of speech thathelp the mind to form pictures, are throughout the poem. One of thestrongest examples was found where it reads, The demon delayed not,but quickly clutched / A sleeping thane in his swift assault, / Tore himin pieces, bit through the bones, / Gulped the blood, and gobbled theflesh, / Greedily gorged on the lifeless corpse, (558-563). This is theimage of Grendel killing one of the soldiers before his fatal fight withBeowulf. Great descriptive passages are found about Grendels swamp-homedescribing it as, ^a dismal covert / Of trees that hung over hoarystone, / Over churning water and bloodstained wave. (926-928), ^Thewater boiled in a bloody swirling (933) ^The swimming forms ofsea-dragons, / Dim serpent shapes in the watery depths. These are thepictures that nightmares are made of. .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .postImageUrl , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:hover , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:visited , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:active { border:0!important; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:active , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three days to see Analysis EssayIn comparison to our modern fiction, Beowulf might seem wordyand lengthy but when a reader takes time to savor the graphicdescriptions, vivid imagery, clever alliteration, and fantasticexaggerations one can understand how this thirteen hundred-year-old epicpoem has lasted through the years. It is beautifully and creativelywritten and has therefore stood the test of time for the reader or thelistener.