Central Planning Of The Soviet Union - 785 Words

Central Planning Central planning occurs when the state controls every aspect of economic production, consumption, investment, and decision. Central planning ensured that the communist party remained in total control of the economy. With the central planning system, leaders could effectively and rapidly organize resources in times of need (i.e., Nazi invasion). The historical efforts to establish a central planning economic system have led to many issues, one of the primary concerns being, Russia’s transition to a market economy. Today, prices are still fixed for certain goods and services by the Russian government. Glasnost Glasnost was the concept of openness that was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev when he was elected as the Soviet Union General Secretary of the Soviet Union. This concept had a significant effect on Soviet Union during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. In employing glasnost, Gorbachev attempted to rid the Soviet Union of the lies that had been established as a result of The Leninist system that was previously in place. Ultimately, he wanted to bring transparency to the Soviet Government. Additionally, Gorbachev wanted to enable greater freedom in areas such as media, individual ideology, and religion. New Economic Policy (NEP) New Economic Policy is a term that traces back to the letter, which Lenin received from an acquaintance named, Nikolai Rozhkov. The goal of NEP was to replace the failing economic approach known as War Communism. It was alsoShow MoreRelated6 Step Financial Management Process745 Words   |  3 PagesAs of 2013, there are a total of 196 recognized sovereign countries in the world. The economies of each of these 196 countries all face the challenge of trying to tackle the central economic problem of scarcity. There is scarcity because people have infinite wants but the resources available to fulfill these wants are finite. This situation has raised the key economic question of ‘what?’, ‘how?’ and ‘for whom’ to produce. The way in which a country decides to answer this question tends to determineRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union949 Words   |  4 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union can ultimately be attributed to three broad, complex, a nd interconnected issues: The economy, Leadership, and Geography. All three of theses factors are interconnected and each contain several reasons why they contributed to the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. The first and most simple reason the Soviet Union failed can be attributed to their geographical challenges. The Soviet Union suffered two problems in regard to geographic challenges. Firstly the countryRead MoreUrban Segregation And Its Effects On Residential Preferences Shaped By Liberal Market Forces And National Identity890 Words   |  4 Pagessegregation patterns† (Leetmaa) among ethnic groups in post-communist Tartu, Estonia within the context of immigration policies implemented during the Soviet communist era. Using two dimensions – â€Å"preferences and segregation –ethnicity and neighbor affluence† (Leetmaa ,163), the study explores the possible causes of residential segregation in post-Soviet Tartu and its effects on residential preferences shaped by liberal market forces and national identity. The research is presented through an urbanRead MoreEssay on Who If Any One Won the Cold War?691 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween the United States and the Soviet Union, each known during this time as the super powers. This conflict consisted of the differing attitudes on the ideological, political, and military interests of these two states and their allies, exte nded around the globe. A common political debate covers the issue of who, if anyone won the Cold War. Many believe the United States won the Cold War since (it) had resulted in the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. While others are to believe theRead MoreThe Economic Crisis And The Arms Race1165 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor reasons of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall had a big impact on today’s politics. The Soviet Union was formed in 1922. It consisted of 15 Soviet Republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tajikistan, Tu rkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). The main ideologies were communism and Socialism. One of the most prominent leaders of the Union was Joseph Stalin. The Soviet Union was one of the leading empires inRead MoreThe Relationship Between Economic And Urban Form1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between Economic and Urban Form A Case Study of Russia Economic History of Russia The Russian economy and the rest of the Soviet Union was operated on the basis of centrally planned economy for almost over 60 years. It functioned with a state control over nearly all means of production, investment, consumption and production decisions throughout the economy. The policy under economy was made according to directives from the Communist Party, which was known to control all aspectsRead MoreCollapse Of The Soviet Union Inevitable1334 Words   |  6 Pages Final Draft: Collapse of the Soviet Union Was the collapse of the Soviet Union inevitable? Kenneth Mejia U.S. History Period 5 5/18/201 Throughout history, war has been the most common resort for nations to solve problems or show off their strength. However it wasn’t until recently where mankind had just live and experience a war that not only did it have the potential destroy nations, but also had the potential to destroy the whole world and humanity itself. This was known as theRead MoreThe Soviet Union During World War II878 Words   |  4 Pagesaccount economic output as a decisive factor. Overy concedes to this point as well, citing Soviet evacuation of civilians and industry as salvation for the Eastern front. (Overy, 181) As the Germans flooded into the Soviet Union in 1941 entire populations and industries fled to the east, destined for the Urals, the Volga region, and Eastern Siberia. Along with saving Soviet industry by relocation, the Soviets also destroyed what they could not move including food and manufacturing plants. DestructionRead MoreCommunism : A Social, Economic, And Political Ideology109 3 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity is distinguished from any privileged class; the common people with respect to their political power. (Dictionary.com) These two definitions of the Soviet Union and the United States forms of government come into play after WWII. Answering the questions; why was the United States afraid of the Soviet Union after WWII, and why was the Soviet Union afraid of the U.S and Western Europe? Only one answer for both comes to mind, â€Å"Communism.† It seems like such a scary word, especially for a hard workingRead MoreGorbachev : The Soviet Revolution959 Words   |  4 Pagesin history classes, at least, in my experience. He really should be, though, for he was one of the most influential figures in Russian history, from his remarkable early achievements, his quick rise to power, his attempt at major reforms to the Soviet Union, and his continued political influence after his resignation. Born Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, this man began his early life on March 2, 1931, in Privolnoye (Privolye) in the Stavropol territory of Russia. He was born a peasant to Sergei and

Public Health Problem Light Coming From The Sun

Public Health Problem â€Å"Radiation is energy that travels as a wave or particle (Thompson E.G., Hahn C, 2013). Different types of radiation exists, light coming from the sun being the most common source known to people. Thus, society is exposed to radiation on the daily basis. Ionizing radiation, in particular, can be harmful - depending on the source and the degree of exposure. (Thompson E.G., Hahn C, 2013). DNA mutations can occur when ionizing radiation is absorbed by a human cell, causing the cell to die or become damaged (leading to problems later on in life such as cancer) (unknown 2015). Strong harmful doses of radiation are used when performing medical treatments or procedures such as CT scans or X-rays. CT scans play a major role†¦show more content†¦(Brenner D.J., Hall E.J, 2007). Children are considerably more sensitive than adults to the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation. A child’s young age also gives radiation a larger window of opportunity to express its damage (Kleinerman R.A., 2006). The order of the most radiosensitive organ sites in children are the thyroid gland, breasts, bone marrow (leukemia), brain and skin (Kleinerman R.A., 2006). For example, brain tumors have been reported following the radiotherapy of tinea capitis and hemangioma following the dose order of 1-Gy (Kleinerman R.A., 2006). The energy absorbed per unit of mass is measured in grays (Gy) and 1 grey is equal to 1 joule of radiation energy absorbed per kilogram. The discontinued use of CT scans will help reduce radiation exposure, but as we’ve seen its medi cal use has only been increasing. Natural background radiation cannot be prevented, everyone is exposed to this type of ionizing radiation yearly. An example of background radiation are cosmic rays, which are radioactive particles that hit the earth from outer space such as the sun and neighboring stars (unknown 2015). The earth’s atmosphere blocks a portion of these rays, hence exposure is greater in locations with high altitudes. Airline flight workers are classified as radiation workers because they are consistently exposed to radiation when flying, especially over long periods of time. (NASA, no date). People living in high altitudes and having medical tests

Accounts and Finance

Questions: You are Susans assistant and you have been asked to prepare a report that is backed by scholarly literature addressing the following issues regarding approaches to compensation: a. Typical elements of compensation packages b. Outline the key assumptions of traditional agency theory and theirinfluence on approaches to compensation c. Explain the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and therelationship between the two motivations d. How might an employees attitude to risk influence their desiredcompensation package? e. How might the time period when employee receives a financial benefitinfluence they desire for the benefit? f. What role do fairness considerations have when determiningcompensation? g. Why an executive compensation committee may provide benefits indetermining compensation. h. How to structure an executive compensation committee to achieve thebest outcomes. i. Conclusion: use the information in your previous answers to developrecommendations for determining compensation that enhance job satisfaction and work motivation. Answers: Introduction In the given report, a construction company, whose director and CEO is Bill Strong is worried about the decreasing motivation of its employees. Therefore, he wants to introduce an executive compensation committee to reward its employees in which the executives will be given shares of the company, which will be held in the trust for three years before employees can sell them. For this reason, he has appointed a CFO to look after the matter who has suggested that the intrinsic value must be taken into account whereas CEO is of view that traditional agency theory approach must be implemented to determine compensation of executives. Discussion (a) Elements of Compensation Executives are one of the important factors for the growth and sustainability an enterprise hence compensation package is another factor that is paid to the executives in return of the work performed by them (Major, Sawyer and Kunstman 2013). The compensation package differs from company to company but there are some basic elements of the compensation package that are same. In the given case of Strong Built Construction Company, a new Chief Financial Officer, Susan Bold is appointed who seeks information for typical elements of compensation that are stated as follows: Basic Salary Annual or Quarterly Bonus Other Bonus Stock Options Stock Equity Pre- tax contribution Health perquisites Life and Accident Insurance Travelling or Legal Insurance Other basic perquisites The above-mentioned elements are basic elements, which an organization provides to its executives whereas; these elements may vary from entity to entity based on factors like geographical region, industrial norms and policy, professional qualification and experience (LaCosse et al. 2015). Further, an organization may provide high basic salary and low compensations and perquisites while some companys may provide low basic salary and high compensations and perquisites depending on the industrial policies. (b) Assumptions and influence of traditional agency theory Agency theory is the relationship between principals and agents. Principals are those who hire agents to perform task according their need and in return pay them remuneration. The key assumptions of traditional agency theory are the principals are the masters and employees have to do what their masters tell them to do (Moradi et al. 2014). The relation between the argents and principals are not always harmonious, it is concerned with conflicts within the agency only, it has implication on business ethics and corporate governance and it gives rise to agency cost. Because of this agency assumption, it gives rise to conflict in employer-employee relationship. It also tends to de motivate the employees and discourage them while performing their work. If this thing happen in an organization on a regular basis then will become more and more difficult to achieve organizational goals and objectives (Sonnier 2013). The stakeholders will also lose faith on executives and board members on whom they have delegated authorities. (c) Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation in which employees are motivated to work hard in order to get reward or avoid any type of punishment. Intrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation in which an employee work hard in order to satisfy him personally without and external reward i.e. doing any work for own sake (Wilkins, Hermanson and Cohen 2015). The main difference of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is that extrinsic motivation comes from inside whereas intrinsic motivation comes from external reward. Various surveys have shown that excessive external reward for a task for which employees are already internally motivated can lend down the intrinsic motivation of an executive (Conyon 2014). Extrinsic motivation can be helpful in situation where individual have no personal interest on the work, it is best to motivate an employee when a new training to obtain new skills is to be given to the employee. The relations between these two motivations are external rewards which are given unexpectedly does not reduce intrinsic. Praising can also help to increase the employees internal motivation. Both the motivation if put together, can play an important role in setting up learning objectives and motivate the employees. (d) Employees attitude toward risk affecting their package In an organization, there are various factors, which influence the attitude of an employee. The management policies toward their employees give rise to the risk factor within the employees. If the management tendency is to terminate their employees if their performance falls below certain level or punish then it will give rise to internal risk of low job security among the employees and they will demand higher compensation for maintaining a certain standard of work (Hermanson et al. 2012). If the work done by the employees is highly risky to their health or other issues then they will demand higher compensation package for working in such environment. This issue must be taken into account by the management of the company while determining the compensation package of a employee. It is a very well known fact that if employees can smell risks factor in their job then they will tend to demand a high package (McCall et al. 2014). So management must ensure that there no risk factor in the job done by their employees or at least minimize the risk factor so that the employee cost of the overall organization is lower. (e) Time-period of receiving financial benefit. Whenever any financial benefit is given by the organization to its employees, it is a bit time consuming. Time is required due to various reasons like calculating and processing with the incentives, certain structure of the rewards like employees stock option scheme where first company gives an option to their employees then employees execute their option after certain fixed time and then the company makes allotment (Dittmann, Yu and Zhang 2015). This can be very lengthy process sometimes, which may affect the desire of the employees toward the benefit. Employees may tend to think that they may not even get the incentives after such long period as it will get un-noticed by the management and their hard work will have no reorganization. If an employees is of urgent need of money and because of that he tends to work hard to get incentives immediately then benefits given to him after a long period of time will not be of any help to him. (f) Fairness consideration while determining compensation The management of an organization must while determining incentives and rewards payable to their employees consider fairly the hard work done by all employees. Management must not be partial towards some employees i.e. they must not prioritize their employees. If partiality becomes a companys policy then it will hamper its reputation and de-motivate their employees (Guthrie, Sokolowsky and WAN 2012). Most of the executives will not be willing to work hard if they come to know that their effort will never be rewarded as some of the executives who have linkups with top management will only be rewarded even though they did not perform well. All the employees of the organization must be treated equally by the management to motivate them achieve organizational goals and objectives. (g) Executive compensation committee The main object of Executive compensation committee is to perform the responsibility delegated by board of directors in managing and designing executive compensation for its executives. While performing its duties the committee must take into account the monetary as well as non-monetary compensation and benefits payable to its executives. The committee should take advice from a self-governing compensation consultant hired by the organization. The advisor will independently act without any bounding from the management, evaluate the performance of each executive, and compute the benefits and rewards accruable to them accordingly (Boyle and Roberts 2013). This will also motivate the executives, as there will be fair consideration of their hard work. (h) Structure of Executive Compensation Committee As per new rules made by Australian government, every listed company must have an Executive committee consisting of independent directors. The committee must comprise of at least three to six members. The average members of executive compensation committee are 5. The independent directors must not have any financial interest in the organization. The executive committee must meet at least 4 times in a year and at least once in a year. The members of the committee may not be expert in deciding compensation but they should have the knowledge of analyzing cost, benefits and risk (Bol, Hecht and Smith 2015). The committee members must have the capability to ask complicated questions and put a limitation on the payment made to the executives. The members of the committee must be rotated at periodic intervals to ensure transparency in the committee. (i) Conclusion From the typical analysis of the above questions, a clear understanding of various compensation packages required to motivate the employees is obtained. Traditional agency theory can and its impact on the organization is understandable from the above analysis. The difference between external and internal motivation and their relation is clear. The risk factor that affects the compensation on an executive is also discussed. The time factor to getting the rewards and incentives can also affect the motivation of the employees to work hard. Fairness in determining the compensation is also a big motivating factor for its employees. The structure and role of executive compensatory is also analyzed. References Bol, J.C., Hecht, G. and Smith, S.D., 2015. Managers' discretionary adjustments: The influence of uncontrollable events and compensation interdependence.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(1), pp.139-159. Boyle, G. and Roberts, H., 2013. CEO presence on the compensation committee: a puzzle.Journal of Economics and Business,70, pp.16-26. Conyon, M.J., 2014. Executive compensation and board governance in US firms.The Economic Journal,124(574), pp.F60-F89. Dittmann, I., Yu, K.C. and Zhang, D., 2015. How important are risk-taking incentives in executive compensation?.Available at SSRN 1176192. Guthrie, K., Sokolowsky, J. and WAN, K.M., 2012. CEO compensation and board structure revisited.The Journal of Finance,67(3), pp.1149-1168. Hermanson, D.R., Tompkins, J.G., Veliyath, R. and Ye, Z.S., 2012. The Compensation Committee Process*.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(3), pp.666-709. LaCosse, J., Tuscherer, T., Kunstman, J.W., Plant, E.A., Trawalter, S. and Major, B., 2015. Suspicion of White people's motives relates to relative accuracy in detecting external motivation to respond without prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,61, pp.1-4. Major, B., Sawyer, P.J. and Kunstman, J.W., 2013. Minority Perceptions of Whites Motives for Responding Without Prejudice The Perceived Internal and External Motivation to Avoid Prejudice Scales.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, p.0146167213475367. McCall, C., Steinbeis, N., Ricard, M. and Singer, T., 2014. Compassion meditators show less anger, less punishment, and more compensation of victims in response to fairness violations.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience,8. Moradi, S., Garcia, D., Andersson Arntn, A.C. and Archer, T., 2014. Motivation as a Mediator: Internal External Factors fostering Employee Engagement. In26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA. Sonnier, B.M., 2013. The effects of wrongdoer motivation and internal versus external reporting channel on the intention to report fraud.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,5(2), pp.77-113. Wilkins, A.M., Hermanson, D.R. and Cohen, J.R., 2015. Do Compensation Committee Members Perceive Changing CEO Incentive Performance Targets Mid-Cycle to be Fair?

The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English by C Essay Example For Students

The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English by C Essay hristianmonks around 750 AD, is a wonderful adventure story about a warrior whokills ferocious monsters. The use of description and imagery enlivensthe story, making it possible for a reader to really see in his or hermind the characters and events. Metaphors, exaggeration, andalliteration are three devices that together allow the reader toexperience this poem which is quite different than most other poetry. A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase thatordinarily means one thing is applied to another thing to suggest alikeness between the two. Metaphors are used extensively throughout thepoem to paint a more colorful picture in the listeners mind. Thesemetaphors are used in phrases called kennings. A kenning is adescriptive, poetical expression used instead of a simple name for aperson or thing. Beowulf is hardly ever called by his actual name. We will write a custom essay on The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English by C specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Instead there are many kennings referring to him, such as: Prince ofthe Weders, The Son of Ecgtheow, The Geatish hero, and The Lord ofthe Seamen. These kennings describe Beowulf to us in a more interestingway than just stating the hard facts. Without these kennings Beowulfwould be less interesting and we would learn less about him. Anybodywould say that describing or referring to a person by his or her nameover and over again is boring. So the use of kennings and metaphors isvery important in this long epic poem. Exaggeration is another device to make Beowulf a moreinteresting, entertaining, and dramatic poem. For example, even thoughthis story is a fantasy, it is hard to believe that the character ofBeowulf would be able to kill a monster like Grendel with his barehands. Exaggerating Beowulfs bravery makes the story more exciting. Another exaggeration used to convince us how great our hero is, is thepassage, Over all the world, or between the seas, / Or under theheaven, no hero was greater. (671-672). This dazzles the listener withBeowulfs bravery. His bravery is again exaggerated when he jumps in theswamp wearing heavy armor to fight and kill Grendels mother. Itsunlikely even a strong warrior could win a battle with a she-monster inan underwater cave with a broken sword. But it adds to the excitement. In the line The head of Grendel, with heavy toil; / Four of thestoutest, with all their strength, / Could hardly carry on swaying spear/ Grendels head to the gold-decked hall. (1109-1112) exaggerations aremade concerning the size and weight of the monsters head. Again, itportrays a more gruesome and dramatic scene to the listenersimagination. Alliteration, which is repeating the same sound, usually aconsonant, at the beginning of words or in accented syllables, givesthis story a more poetic sound. Alliteration also helped the scops orstorytellers in memorizing the tales. Examples of alliteration can befound throughout the poem such as, The Hall of the Heart, His pledgeand promise, Dragging the dead men home to his den, Fitted andfurnished, and Showed sea-cliffs shining. This device adds creativityand rhythm to the poem. It makes it more entertaining to read, speak, orlisten to such a long story. Metaphors in the kennings, exaggerations, and alliteration allhelp in developing vivid descriptions and imagery to entertain andbeautifully tell the story of Beowulf. Imagery, figures of speech thathelp the mind to form pictures, are throughout the poem. One of thestrongest examples was found where it reads, The demon delayed not,but quickly clutched / A sleeping thane in his swift assault, / Tore himin pieces, bit through the bones, / Gulped the blood, and gobbled theflesh, / Greedily gorged on the lifeless corpse, (558-563). This is theimage of Grendel killing one of the soldiers before his fatal fight withBeowulf. Great descriptive passages are found about Grendels swamp-homedescribing it as, ^a dismal covert / Of trees that hung over hoarystone, / Over churning water and bloodstained wave. (926-928), ^Thewater boiled in a bloody swirling (933) ^The swimming forms ofsea-dragons, / Dim serpent shapes in the watery depths. These are thepictures that nightmares are made of. .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .postImageUrl , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:hover , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:visited , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:active { border:0!important; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:active , .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdac10fde4ae1898e8fa7c03d8447e3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three days to see Analysis EssayIn comparison to our modern fiction, Beowulf might seem wordyand lengthy but when a reader takes time to savor the graphicdescriptions, vivid imagery, clever alliteration, and fantasticexaggerations one can understand how this thirteen hundred-year-old epicpoem has lasted through the years. It is beautifully and creativelywritten and has therefore stood the test of time for the reader or thelistener.

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Editing Essay Service Editing Essay Service Editing Essay Service: Choosing a Proper One It is not a secret that in order to succeed in essay writing and to get the highest grade for your labour, you can do nothing but appeal to any editing essay service and give a proper proofreading to your essay. However, far not all the editing essay services are of the high quality and many of them do not conduct proper proofreading and editing of the text: If you really want to pay for qualified editing essay service and not to come across low-leveled custom essay writing company we recommend you to find out what custom writing company you are going to make use of presupposes under the word editing and how editing essay service is made. If this is a simple correction of grammar mistakes, we do not advise you to make use of such editing essay service, as it will not give you anything good except of spending your money. Editing Is More Than Grammar It is not difficult to correct grammar mistakes and you can cope with this task on your own. If speaking about professional editing essay service, it will not only correct all the existing grammar and lexical mistakes in your essay but also will arrange your essay in a proper way according to the existing requirements from it. You see it is not enough to present a text free of mistakes; if you really want to get A+ grade for your essay writing, you should present cohesive text built up according to all the existing rules and demands from it. That is why before choosing this or that editing essay service, better get to know whether it conducts full editing of your essay or it only corrects the mistakes or otherwise, you will pay for nothing and just waste your time and money. We Can Help You With Any Assignment! If speaking about our editing essay service, it should be mentioned that apart from the simple editing of the text we also conduct deep editing, which includes rewriting paragraphs, which are written in a poor way. After all the mistakes are corrected, we reread your essay one more time, make it be cohesive and logically built one. We are an editing essay service, which really helps students to receive the highest grade. Appeal to our custom writing, make use of our editing essay service and you are certain to win the highest grade for your essay writing. We are waiting for you at our custom writing site in order to give your essay proper editing essay service. Read also: Example of Essay Writing Deforestation Essay Computer Essay Professional Editing Service Online Essay Editing

How to Be a Better Student and Still Have Fun

How to Be a Better Student and Still Have Fun If you ask random college students from across the country why they’re in school, most will either say, â€Å"I’m just trying to have fun!† or, â€Å"I just want to graduate on time and get out of here.† A rewarding college experience doesn’t have to mean sacrificing going beast mode. With a little planning you make college everything it can be! In this article we’re going to go through the process step by step. 1. Build Your Student Asset List College has a lot to offer, especially when the campus is located within a decent-sized city. Faced with so much potential many students simply forego everything and settle for a couple memorable parties and a few good summers. Not cool. The first thing you need to build is an asset list. What are you capable of doing? Can you travel and study abroad? Can you volunteer? What skills do you have to offer the many school organizations and clubs? What sports would you be good at? Are you down to learn an instrument or sing in the choir? You get the idea. If you’re working, then make this list just about the free time that you do have. Make the most of it. If you lack time for having rest, we can help you do your homework. Take some time to sit down, see what the school has to offer and what you’re open to. This is going to naturally begin to narrow things down a bit. You’ll begin crossing things off the list, for example trying out for the college football or chess teams, and leaving others open for debate. 2. Choose Your Triad Now, you’re going to pick one activity for three categories: sports, clubs and hobbies. As you’ll see, it’s all about people. The more of them you’re exposed to and able to network with, the more fun college can be without sacrificing your GPA. 1. A Sport: This could be anything really. You don’t have to go straight for something like baseball or basketball. Consider tennis, rugby or flag football. Anything team related and physical is going to work wonders. Plus, you’ll stay in shape. In the beginning just try to fill at least half of each year with a sport. Chances are by your senior year you’ll be in a sport the entire time. 2. A Club: Again, you have your pick. The asset list should have narrowed things down, but make sure you consider expanding your skills. Maybe something on the more political side? Or, perhaps the culinary club? Don’t automatically choose something within your major. Go outside your comfort bubble. 3. A Hobby: Music, painting, photography, etc. Expand your boundaries. Try strange and new things that you’re technically capable of and interested in. So throughout the year regardless of how cool or uncool you may be you’re competing in a sport, taking part in a club and pursuing a hobby along with your studies. Your schedule alone will make it nearly impossible not to have a good time. You’ll be too busy to complain. 3. Weave Activities into Class Scheduling Weave these into your class schedule as you progress through your major. Each quarter needs to have the triad in them. You have to work at it and be strategic with your available time. You have to get yourself on a proper sleeping schedule (this keeps you out of trouble). You’ve got to strike a balance where you’re always active and involved but have enough time to eat, study and ace exams as well. 4. Make â€Å"Yes† Your College Mantra Chances are you’re going to be getting invited to tons of parties because of your triad of activities. Never say no. Always say yes. No matter what you have to make an appearance and BRING A GIFT. If there’s studying and sleeping to be done, then stay twenty minutes and then bail. People will appreciate that you showed and the gift will make up for the loss of your presence. When people ask you for favors, if you can do them then do them. Become the proverbial â€Å"yes man† and see where life takes you. 5. Be Good to Professors This isn’t about brown nosing anybody or looking for breaks. It’s about showing respect and being willing to go above and beyond for professors to ensure that college has less bumps in the road. Do what you can to reach out to them and form a professional teacher/student relationship beyond class. This quasi-guide didn’t mention dating because dating is too tricky and unpredictable. The right special someone can make really make college an incredible journey. While the wrong person turn it into a nightmare. But, that’s a topic for another time. Remember, to really make college fun you have to get out there and get involved. Build an asset list, choose your activity triad and weave them into your day to day experience. What do you think, did we nail it? Tell us in the comments!

NUMBER OF MAYFLIES IN RIFFLES AND POOLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NUMBER OF MAYFLIES IN RIFFLES AND POOLS - Essay Example with high levels of dissolved oxygen while pools are relatively slow-flowing environments where the dissolved oxygen levels are not as high as in riffles. The nymphs prefer high dissolved oxygen level environments. For the purpose of this study it is necessary to introduce the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) because they are such a primitive order of insects that there is much that is unique about their morphology. This uniqueness has to be highlighted to enable better understanding of the experiments conducted to assist this study and the conclusions derived therefrom. Simply put mayflies belong to Class Insecta Order Ephemeroptera. They belong to the infraclass paleoptera and have primitive wings that cannot be folded over their backs. Fossil records reveal that they may have evolved during the carboniferous period 280-360 mya and their evolutionary history is closely associated with development of wings in Class Insecta as a whole. Modern day mayflies number about 4000 species distributed among 20 families and most are associated with running water (Brooks, Steve, A Natural History of Dragonflies, Mayflies and Stoneflies). Order Ephemeroptera is well-distributed across the globe except for the two polar regions – the Arctic and the Antarctic – and oceanic islands though it is well-represented in New Zealand (Order Ephemeroptera, â€Å"Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax† Website, 2004). The name of the order Ephemeroptera is essentially derived from the fact that adult phase mayflies survive for a very ephemeral period of 2 hr to 3 days. They are unique insects in that they have two adult phases both of which are winged and ephemeral to the tune of 1-2 hr to maximum 14 days. At adult stages the insects do not feed and expend all their time on mating. The nymphs are ubiquitous and are usually found in shallow streams and littoral areas of lakes. Nevertheless, many species are restricted to specific substrata of macrophytes, sediments of waveswept

The future of Cloud Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The future of Cloud Security - Essay Example Resolving the security factor is top priority and this paper looks into the future outlook of the cloud computing and associated security level attainable. Key words: API, security, virtualization, malware Introduction: The cloud computing allows for large number of benefits ranging from space to ease of work, however the security threat makes it one of the most vulnerable medium in this regard (Mather, et al. 2009). On demand delivery is one of the core functions of cloud computing, making use of the resources only when required. They can be operated on various scales in private environments, hybrid or community as a whole. Safety with regard to the data contained in the networks, the structuring of the data with regard to ease of flow of information. The fact that the potential provider of data may stand helpless with the safety of data and this happens due to the fact that the overall interface is a virtual one and does not have any fixed physical existence as was the case in prev ious storage patterns and methods that were commonly in use. Future prospect: Considering its effective performance and the potential advantages it possesses, it is certainly the technology that would dominate the future trends of technological world, however factors like security of interface, the password cracking, minimizing the challenges posed by the bots, and eliminating their role, allowing for safer operations from within the network, all these are few of the steps and actions that must be taken into account in order to make cloud computing a more secure one for the future operations and future dominance. Present day situation: At present the concept of cloud computing is prone to number of direct and indirect threats; these threats raise serious concerns regarding the future and their potential productivity in this regard. These challenges come in form of inappropriate usage of the network from within, ease of access to outside intruders, and most prominently the lack of in frastructure that would be required for an established network that facilitates the usage and services with due consideration of the security concerns of the users and the service providers in form of the servers, business enterprises and numerous other related entities. I.P address stealing, intellectual property related content stealing, these are few of the potential loopholes that define the present day standing of cloud computing technologies. Handling of the data bases (Fiore & Aloisio, 2011), ensuring their safety with regard to all the information that is being stored in them, transactions that are being performed through the integrated network, scheduling procedures for the resources that are being allocated and parallel processing without any infringement of the data and information are few of the steps and considerations that ought to be resolved to make the cloud computing networks a safer technological option. Shared technology consideration: The sharing of the interfac e and architecture is a concern that allows for vulnerability with regard to the safe existence and performance of cloud computing networks. The function of isolation is a vital concept in the domain of cloud computing

Quiz and Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Quiz and Final Exam Study Guide Essay The quizzes and final exam are open book, open notes. The maximum time you can spend on a quiz is 45 minutes. On the final you will have 3 hours and 30 minutes. If you have not clicked the â€Å"Submit For Grade† button by the end of the allotted time, you will be automatically exited from the exam. In the final exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled, so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the â€Å"Save Answers† button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your Internet connection does break, when you reconnect, you will normally be able to get back into your final exam without any trouble. Remember, though, that the exam timer continues to run while students are disconnected, so students should try to re-login as quickly as possible. If you lose your Internet connection during a quiz or the final exam, logon again and try to access it. If you are unable to enter it again, first contact the Help Desk and then your instructor. * You will always be able to see the time remaining in the quiz or final exam at the top right of the page. 5. There are multiple pages on the final exam. * Make sure you click the Save Answers button before advancing to the next page (we also suggest clicking on â€Å"Save Answers† while you are working). Complete all of the pages before submitting your Final Exam for instructor review. * Do NOT use your browsers Back and Forward buttons during the final exam. * Please use the provided links for navigation. Submitting your quiz or final exam * When you are finished with a quiz or the final exam, click on the Submit for Grade button. * Please note: Once you click the Submit for Grade button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers. 7. Quiz and Exam Questions * On each quiz, there are 10 multiple-choice questions each worth 5 points and one essay question worth 10 points for a total of 30 points. On the final exam, there are 30 randomly selected multiple-choice questions each worth 5 points and 5 essay questions worth 30 points for a total of 300 points (150 multiple choice points, 150 essay points). * The final exam covers all course TCOs and Weeks 1-7. * The quizzes only cover the TCO’s for that week. * The final exam contains 3 pages, which can be completed in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. * The quiz and final exam questions are pooled. This means that not everyone will have the same questions. Even if you do have some of the same que stions, they may not be in the same order. These questions are distributed amongst the TCOs. * On the essay questions, your answers should be succinct, fully address each part of the question, and demonstrate your knowledge and understanding in a concise but complete answer. Most essay questions require answers that are a couple of paragraphs (not a couple of sentences) that directly speak to each part of the question. Some students opt to work on the essay questions first, due to their higher point value and length of time needed to adequately address each question, but this is entirely your choice. * Remember to always use proper citation when quoting other sources. This means that ANY borrowed material (even a short phrase) should be placed in quotation marks with the source (URL, author/date/page #) immediately following the end of the passage (the end quote). Changing a few words in a passage does NOT constitute putting it in your own words and proper citation is still required. Borrowed material should NOT dominate a student’s work, but should only be used sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. Heavy usage of borrowed material (even if properly cited) can jeopardize the points for that question. Uncited material can jeopardize a passing grade on the exam. As a part of our commitment to academic integrity, your work may be submitted to turnitin. com, an online plagiarism checking service. So please be VERY mindful of proper citation. 8. Some of the key study areas are below. While these are key areas, remember that the exam is comprehensive for all of the assigned course content and this study guide may not be all inclusive. The same goes for the quizzes: there may be material on the quiz that was part of the material for that week, but is not specifically listed here in the study guide.

Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet Es

Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeare's Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As appearances play an important role in today's society, so they also play an important role in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. From the first scene to the last, Shakespeare elaborates on the theme of appearance versus reality through plot and character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play's plot is full of incidents and events that are not what they appear to be. One such incident is Ophelia's ambiguous death. When, from the Queen, the audience first learns of her passing, the girl's death seems very peaceful, poetic and accidental. But later, during the Graveyard Scene, when the clowns are discussing her death, they classify it as a suicide. Does Ophelia, as it appears, absent-mindedly set foot too far into the murky waters and, held down by her heavy garments, meets with her untimely death? Or, does she, mad with grief caused by Hamlet's "insanity" and her father's death, willingly march to her muddy grave? Another example occurs when Laertes, Ophelia's brother, and King Claudius devise the Triple-Pronged plan. They set up a duel between Hamlet and Laertes. Since both young men are presumably using bated swords, this confrontation appears to be a simple, ordinary fencing match, no one will get hurt. Despite its h armless appearance, this duel proves deadly, for not only does Laertes plan to use an unbated and poisoned sword, but Claudius also prepares a poisoned drink for Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also many spy plots set up during the play which may also be considered as deceiving events. These spy plots demonstrate the appearance versus reality theme since they are invisible to the spied upon, but weave a web of dishonesty. In Act II, Scene... ...C. Quote. Literary Companion to British Authors: William Shakespeare. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1996. Danson, Lawrence. "Tragic Alphabet." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Findlay, Alison. "Hamlet: A Document in Madness." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Hopkins, Lisa. "Parison and the Impossible Comparison." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 153-164. Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128 Wiggins, Martin. "Hamlet Within the Prince." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 209-226.

East Asian History Essay

In the year 1943, the allied forces made a Deceleration in Cairo pledging freedom for the Korean peninsula from Japan. The US, China and Great Britain were the main parties involved in this declaration, often known as the ‘Cairo Declaration’. In the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt made a proposal to the USSR leaders for having a four-power leadership of Korea. Although, Stalin took President Roosevelt points into consideration, no formal agreement was reached upon. President Roosevelt proposed that the US, USSR, Great Britain and China would take hold on Korea. Following these talks, the tension between the communist nations and the western nations began to rise. In the Postdam conference in July 1945, Independence was promised for Korea. The US asked the USSR to enter the war with Japan to free Korea. However, they also suggested that the Japanese could not be attacked from Korea, unless the Japanese mainlands were captured. The USSR army attacked the Japanese forces from the northern side after capturing Manchuria. Following the American bombing of the Japanese cities in August 8, 1945, the Japanese troops began to surrender. The 38th Parallel was utilized as a line of control. North of this line, the USSR troops took charge and south of this line, the American army had control. The Japanese forces actually surrendered to the US forces on September 8th in Seoul. The USSR forces began to seal the line of control. The USSR forces were however present in Korea earlier compared to the American forces. There are many reasons as to why the US government wanted to divide Korea. Some suggest that it was basically done to prevent the USSR army from occupying the entire Korea. Other felt that it was to increase the military presence (from several countries) in Korea, and in this way prevent any single power from taking control of Korea. Initially, the Korean division was proposed as a temporary measure (basically for military operations). However, the conflict between the Eastern and Western powers meant that no particular solution was reached for this issue. In this way Korea continued to be divided (Turner Learning, 2007 & Britannica Encyclopedia, 2007). Once Korea was divided, the Americans began to have a Government under Korea under the rule of Syngman Rhee. This government was basically set up against communism. South Korea was called as ‘Republic of Korea’. In the northern side, the USSR government set up a communist government under the rule of Kim II Sung. This state was called as ‘Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’. Kim II Sung was actually a major of the Red Army. After the World War II he was considered the head of the North Korean communist party. He was appointed the head of a committee for settling administrative issues. In 1947, a legislative assembly was formed in North Korea, and Kim was elected the head. He had a strong military presence in North Korea. Initially, Stalin wanted to stop Kim from using communist influence in North Korea, but Kim was against this. Later, Stalin and Kim were planning to enforce communism throughout Korea. Kim II Sung’s army was known as the ‘North Korean Military Army’. This army included a few generals who had waged war against the Japanese. Kim was interested in developing a nation that was torn out of war. He brought all agricultural activities under the control of state. He also started developing the industry in Korea. On the other hand, the South Korean’s did not have a strong military presence under the US army. When the US army was withdrawing its troops in 1949, only about 100, 000 soldiers were trained in the South Korean Army. The Russians began to support an attack of South Korea in the year 1950. North Korea utilized Russian artillery, guns and tanks to launch an attack in South Korea. The South Koreans were unprepared by the attack from the North Koreans. The American aid was rather insufficient. The Americans and the UN had to support South Korea in its fight against North Korea during the Korean War (Turner Learning, 2007 & Britannica Encyclopedia, 2007).

Les Murray’s “The Widower in the Country” Essay

In â€Å"The Widower in the country†, change is conveyed in many ways. The poem shows that change can bring a life of isolation and loneliness. The poem also shows how change is not always embraced and how we should not lead a life with a lack of change. The title of the poem, the widower in the country immediately gives the reader the impression of an individual in a vast area. This lets the readers know that the widower is alone and isolated. Already, the reader already feels sympathy for the widower, not only because he has lost his wife, but he now lives alone in a vast and empty area. In the first stanza, the first line, â€Å"I’ll get up soon, and leave my bed unmade†, shows how the persona leads a life that is monotonous and repetitive each day. There is a certainty and reluctance in his tone and it seems as though he now has no reason to make his bed, as he is lonely and there is no one who will see the bed even if it was made. At the end of the stanza, â€Å"For I get up late now†, the word â€Å"now† has been deliberately placed to show how the widower has changed his behaviour. In the second stanza, the personification of â€Å"Christmas paddocks, aching in the heat†, imitates the personas own feelings, and the words â€Å"aching in the heart† look like aching in the heart, which is what the persona feels like, as he has lost his wife. Christmas is also usually a time for family gathering, and this highlights how change has caused the widower to lead a life of loneliness and isolation. This stanza is also filled with negative imagery and mundane activities- â€Å"The windless trees, the nettles in the yard†¦ and then I’ll go in, boil water and make tea.† The †¦ at the end of the sentence shows that the widowers day is filled with other activities that are more or the same, again highlighting his life that has a lack of change. The lack of punctuation in this stanza also reflects the widower’s monotonous life and again shows how change can bring a life of isolation and loneliness. In the third stanza, there is again a lack of punctuation. â€Å"I’ll stand out on the hill and watch my house away below, and how the roof reflects the†.  There is a certainty in the widower’s tone and the detached images show he doesn’t want to be in this situation. â€Å"Makes my eyes water† gives us an image of the widower in misery and crying and we feel sympathy for him. This also shows he has not embraced the change. â€Å"Close on bright webbed visions smeared on the dark of my thoughts to dance and fade away† shows how the persona has visions and memories of the past. There is a paradox between bright and smeared and this reflects the persona’s misery. Although he wishes to think of the happier times in the past, they have now become blurred and have faded away. â€Å"Then the sun will move on† shows the widowers unhappiness and â€Å"I will simply watch, or work, or sleep† is a cumulative listing of three monotonous and mundane activities, which highlights the lack of variety in the widower’s life. The sentence also shows how the monotony is never-ending. In â€Å"And evening will come on† the â€Å"and† is placed at the start of the sentence to draw attention to how the widower is so certain about his life as it is always the same, day after day. In the last stanza, â€Å"Getting near dark, I’ll go home, light the lamp and eat my corned-beef supper, sitting there at the head of the table† shows how the widower’s day is filled with even more mundane activities and his reluctance to make any changes. The fact that he is sitting at the head of a table highlights his loneliness, as he has no family, and is by himself. â€Å"Then I’ll go to bed† again shows the certainty in his tone and his lack of change. â€Å"Last night I thought I dreamed† is the only time there is a change in tense and harsh sounding images- â€Å"the screaming was only a possum ski-ing down the iron roof† follows it. The widower has lost all hope as he cannot even dream and has nothing positive to look forward to, not even in his dreams. The poem ends with its only positive image â€Å"little moonlit claws†. With uses of imagery, personification, paradox, assonance and cumulative listing, Les Murray’s â€Å"The Widower in the Country† clearly shows how change can lead to a life of isolation and loneliness.

Dreams Aspirations and Goals Essays

Dreams Aspirations and Goals Essays Dreams Aspirations and Goals Essay Dreams Aspirations and Goals Essay I merely want to get down off by stating that I am genuinely blessed to be able to hold the chance that so many don’t have: acquiring an instruction. I dreamed I would ever be able to larn to be able to make a small of everything no affair what it was: either it was larning culinary. mechanics. scientific discipline. mathematics. history. etc. I’ve merely wanted to be that one individual who knows a small of everything ; no affair what the accomplishment was I could make it. It may sound impossible but nothings impossible. As I enter the college life. this is where I will be finding my dream and where I genuinely will belong for the remainder of my life it may take a piece but that’s what college is for to truly prove the Waterss and go comfy with the 1 that business that truly fits me good. I think what I truly want to accomplish in college is to be a function theoretical account ; to be the function theoretical account that I want to be responsible by being able to equilibrate my school. work. and societal life. but most significantly I want to be able to do my household proud and back up them like they did for me. I think my biggest dream was to go person who can draw a bead on and actuate people with their creativeness or to merely be a function theoretical account – hopefully that this experience in college will truly assist me carry through that. I know that cognition is cardinal to pretty much everything we have to cognize – practically every and anything about whatever business we want to hold. But what’s incorrect with utilizing our originative side – isn’t it fun excessively merely possibly one time show up to category and have to pull for an assignment but no 1 says it has to be perfect no 1 expects you to be Picasso. We are being required to pull and utilize our originative side express our artistic side whether it be through words. pulling merely to be able to merely your true possible with creativeness. In my experience of high school I had an astonishing literature instructor who would sometimes merely be fun and originative and merely hold us pull for one of our diaries but it wasn’t stupid it was originative. Bing originative is one of my biggest passions in life. I hope that I can truly show people there is nil incorrect with being originative. Responsible the one thing some peop le are afraid to be. When you hear the words independent it describes everything about being responsible. It’s when you start to make things on your ain – a simple definition. In deepness you have your ain flat possibly. pay your ain auto. measures. and you have a stable good paying occupation. It shows true duty when you can equilibrate your school. work. and societal life because you’ve shown how mature and independent you can be – there is nil more accomplishing to turn out that you pushed yourself through all those darks of cryings and perspiration to complete that assignment. High School was a kind of interrupting point for me with AP literature to give me a gustatory sensation of the college life – all the darks I stood up to finish my documents. I can state you this it was candidly worth it even though it stressed me out as I stared hours at a clean page at how to get down my paper but so one time you get traveling it all merely flows out. One thing I know is that all that dedication of my clip and attempt will assist me to be coming successful in my hereafter. I wouldn’t be able to hold done it without the support of my household and friends. So my end in college is to graduate and calculate out what I want to be. When I do graduate I want to be able to back up and be at that place for everyone who did the same for me. Most of all I want to botch my parents and spoil and hoarded wealth so like they did to me and my siblings. I candidly couldn’t have done it without their words of wisdom. kindness and experiences that showed me this chance I have to take advantage of so on behalf of my parents. household and friends my journey to success is my gift to you and may I do you prouder than you are when you saw me with my first cap and gown.

hypocrisis - definition and examples of hypocrisis

hypocrisis - definition and examples of hypocrisis Definition (1) Hypocrisis is a rhetorical term for mimicking or exaggerating the speech habits of others, often in order to mock them. In this sense, hypocrisis is a form of parody. Adjective: hypocritical. (2) In Rhetoric, Aristotle discusses hypocrisis  in the context of the delivery of a speech. Delivery of speeches in plays, notes Kenneth J. Reckford, as in assemblies or law courts (the term,  hypocrisis, is  the same), requires the right use of qualities like rhythm, volume, and voice quality (Aristophanes Old-and-New Comedy, 1987). In Latin, hypocrisis can also mean hypocrisy or feigned sanctity. Etymology From the Greek, reply; (orators) delivery; to play a part in the theater. Examples and Observations In the terminology of Latin rhetoric both actio and pronuntiatio apply to the realization of a speech by vocalization (figura vocis, which covers breath and rhythm) and accompanying physical movements.   . . . Both  actio  and  pronuntiatio  correspond to the Greek hypocrisis, which relates to the techniques of actors.  Hypocrisis  had been introduced into the terminology of rhetorical theory by Aristotle (Rhetoric, III.1.1403b). The dual histrionic and oratorical associations of the Greek word reflect the ambivalence, perhaps even hypocrisy, about the relationship between speech-delivery and acting that pervades the Roman rhetorical tradition. On the one hand, rhetoricians make untold pronouncements against oratory that bears too strong a resemblance to acting. Cicero in particular takes pains to distinguish between the actor and the speaker. On the other hand, examples abound of orators, from Demosthenes through to Cicero and beyond, who hone their skills by observing and imitating actors. . . .   The equivalent of  actio  and  pronuntiatio  in modern English is delivery. (Jan M. Ziolkowski, Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? The Scope and Role of​  Pronuntiatio  in the Latin Rhetorical Tradition.  Rhetoric Beyond Words: Delight and Persuasion in the Arts of the Middle Ages, ed. by  Mary Carruthers. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Aristotle on Hypocrisis The section [in  Rhetoric] on hypocrisis is a part of Aristotles discussion of diction (lexis), in which he painstakingly explains to his reader that, in addition to knowing what to say, one must also know how to put the right content into the right words. In addition to these main two considerations, two topicswhat to say and how to put it in wordsthere is, Aristotle admits, a third topic, which he will not discuss, namely, how to properly deliver the right content put into the right words. . . . Aristotles . . . agenda is quite clear from his quasi-historical account. In associating the increase of interest in delivery with the fashion for poetic texts (both epic and dramatic) to be recited by people other than their authors, Aristotle seems to be contrasting the performers studied delivery with the authors presumably spontaneous rendition of their own work. Delivery, he implies, is essentially a mimetic art that originally developed as a skill of actors imitating emotions that they did not experience. As such, delivery risks skewing public debates, offering an unfair advantage to speakers willing and able to manipulate their audiences emotions. (Dorota Dutsch, The Body in Rhetorical Theory and in Theater: An Overview of Classical Works.  Body-Language-Communication, edited by  Cornelia Mà ¼ller et al.  Walter de Gruyter, 2013) Falstaff Playing the Role of Henry V in a Speech to the Kings Son, Prince Hal Peace, good pint-pot; peace, good tickle-brain. Harry, I do not only marvel where thou spendest thy time, but also how thou art accompanied: for though the camomile, the more it is trodden on the faster it grows, yet youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it wears. That thou art my son, I have partly thy mothers word, partly my own opinion, but chiefly a villainous trick of thine eye and a foolish-hanging of thy nether lip, that doth warrant me. If then thou be son to me, here lies the point; why, being son to me, art thou so pointed at? Shall the blessed sun of heaven prove a micher and eat blackberries? a question not to be asked. Shall the sun of England prove a thief and take purses? a question to be asked. There is a thing, Harry, which thou hast often heard of and it is known to many in our land by the name of pitch: this pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile; so doth the company thou keepest: for, Harry, now I do not speak to thee in drink but in tears, not in plea sure but in passion, not in words only, but in woes also: and yet there is a virtuous man whom I have often noted in thy company, but I know not his name. (William Shakespeare,  Henry IV, Part 1,  Act 2, scene 4) AlsoSee CaricatureDeliveryHyperboleMimesisSarcasmSatire

The role of the concepts of the seduced & repressed Essay

The role of the concepts of the seduced & repressed - Essay Example This part will discuss how the society is build up. It describes the modern life of the people living in UK and how their streets have improved over time. It will also show how the ways in life have changed due to existence of material. Every day people are faced with various kinds of goods but choice really matters. It also depends on placements for example the young, old, employed and unemployed that describes a consumer society. There are various kinds of inequalities present in a society which include people with differing lifestyles and abilities. Consumer society tries to define people by the way they consume in terms of class or knowledge. Consumption is where goods and services reach the end user and the satisfaction that comes with the process. People consume for many reasons for example for fun, other consume to be different from the rest, to represent a type of group or for pleasure. To study the contemporary consumer society it is important to examine material things that surround consumers for example luxuries that represent an individual’s status. According to Jackson (1998) today’s society for example people really choose on where to shop as shopping activities are seen as leisure unlike 20 years ago where people use to shop in order to have essentials. The shopping centers have developed as more malls are coming up and due to migrants in various parts of the world; there has been diversification of products to cater for all the needs of customers. The society has now changed in qualities and features where infrastructure has been improved thus making it easy to get what consumers needed. One description of a street in New York includes Broadway located near Manhattan and with various kinds of shopping centers for example the central mall. Others include art galleries, boutiques, designer stores and jewelry shops. It is therefore necessary to consider certain social factors in the process

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example The Agency theory comes into place when the conflict of interest takes place between the principal (shareholders) and the agent (management of the organisation) and affects the corporate governance of the organisation. Agency theory presumes both the principal and the agent are encouraged by self-interest. This assumption of self-interest condemns agency theory to unavoidable intrinsic disagreement.   Therefore, if both revelries are enthused by self-interest, managements are likely to follow self-interested intentions that diverge and even clash with the purpose of the principal.   Thus, agents are expected to act in the sole interest of their principals (Saltaji, 2013). To resolve the corporate governance crisis, agency theory advocates a self-governing board arrangement and the application of equity-based reward for higher managements. This study helps to examine the degree to which agency theory proposals help to resolute the corporate governance issues. Corporate governance is the set of procedures, behaviours, guidelines, commandments and institutions distressing the way a conglomerate (or company) is directed and controlled. Corporate governance also comprises of the associations amongst the many stakeholders concerned and the objectives for which the company is administered (Larcker, Richardson and Tuna, 2007). In present-day business organisations, the chief external stakeholders are shareholders, debtors, trade creditors, trader, clientele and societies affected by the organisations performance. Internal stakeholders are the board of directors, management, executives and other employees (Bebchuk, Cohen and Ferrell, 2009). There are many diverse representation of corporate governance around the globe. These diverge according to the diversity of free and private enterprises in which they are embedded. The Anglo-American "model" tends to highlight the security and welfare of the shareholders (Denis

Sustainability Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sustainability Management - Essay Example Like never before, solutions to the pressing needs of Rwanda may not be necessarily being found within the limits of its politics. (Ikeno, Jun, 29) Considering that the established arrangement of institutions in Rwanda are not so well placed to possess power to deliver policies that are required or those policies that have been requested by themselves. (Stoke, Peter, 12)These institutions have to take part in the transnational and polycentric governance network upon which power is dispersed. The weaknesses that Rwanda faces include the pressure from the growth exhibited internationally including from the neighboring Kenya. Some of these challenges also come from the emergence of non-state actors with new methods of mobilization. (Stoke, Peter, 43)To this end, the paper will isolate and discus the specific emergence of policy void in Rwanda. First and foremost, Rwanda’s high dependency on the foreign assistance puts the country in awkward situation. This was especially after the World Bank slashed the aid after the United Nation’s report suggesting that Rwanda was aiding in fueling violence in Democratic Republic of Congo. This has provided a wakeup call to Rwanda which now believes that attraction of investors is much more beneficial than seeking the donor aid that comes with conditions. There is also a huge gap that Rwanda has in the line of technology. Technology is envisaged to have the potential of converting the economy from agricultural base to knowledge base. A number of companies are now investing on this industry considering that startup is relatively cheaper to companies in the country than in the neighboring countries like Kenya. There is a considerable effort that Rwanda has made to ensure that it transform itself into technological hub. Apart from wiring itself with over a thousand miles of fiber optic cables, and further signing a deal for 4G network, the country has also ensured that ICT is

Making Physics More Realistic with Fiction

Making Physics More Realistic with Fiction Gabriel Alcantara One of the many questions that students who takes any major or minor subject, particularly physics, either in elementary or in college that actually makes sense is â€Å"When am I going to use what I have just learned in the real life?† But in reality, physics is found everywhere, from our cars and cell phones, the way we walk and interact with things, throwing stuff, to some of the not so familiar topics like in subatomic particles and in comic books. Some teachers and professors are looking into ways on how to present these ideas and concepts without making the student sit through hours of leaden and tedious technical discussions. From fictional examples and situation, to extraordinary cases like lifting a star and preventing falls with a single hand, students slowly realize that physics is just as important as breathing and clothing. And one good example of fictional, but true, example of the application of the concepts learned in physics is found in comic book superheroes. Now, the thought of superheroes is logically impossible, but their actions and their â€Å"super incredible powers† presented in comic books and in movies are actually governed by the laws of physics and nature (Trusted, 1991). From electricity, to lifting heavy objects, to shooting lasers out of nowhere, their power is also present in the real world, but in a less amazing and rather simple manner. In theory and in practice, the concepts of physics found in the stories of comic book superheroes helps in developing the logic of students to understand physics. As more and more teachers resort to more exciting and easy-to-understand examples which the students can relate, more and more students who have the same question above are now finding light in comic book superheroes. As any student who have gone through the first day of physics class, it is clear that physics is essentially the study of matter and energy; physics is an experimental science which deals with the basic elements of the universe and their interactions. (Young Freedman, 2012). There are a lot of theories and laws which govern the interaction of one matter to the other, and one of them is Newton’s laws of motion. There are 3 laws in it, which are the laws of inertia (an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force), acceleration (force is equal to mass times acceleration), and action and reaction (for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction). Physics also deals with electromagnetism, which is mainly concerned with particles having an electric charge, which is just either a positive or a negative charge property of a particle (Jones Childers, 1993). There are also discussions about momentum (which is the product of the objectâ€℠¢s mass and its velocity or speed), impulse (the change in momentum), and collision between two objects, whose examples are fairly simple, but not as exciting to learn. But, in order to do physics, one must have energy, either potential (energy at rest) or kinetic (energy in motion). With all these examples of the concepts in physics, their examples are just as technical as their discussion. One can deal with the laws of motion by observing the movement of a ball in a vacuum and applying external force, throwing a ball out of a cliff, pushing a wall, and a big winded wire induced by electricity to produce a massive electromagnet. These examples may seem simple enough to comprehend, but the physics in them is what makes them dreary to understand. One can simply put off the explanation by stating that the velocity, time, and height by which a ball drops from the cliff to the ground can be computed using the kinematic equation and the students just substitute values and solve. But one can make things a little more challenging by putting childhood favorite superheroes as examples. By replacing the ball with Gwen Stacy falling and Spider-Man catching her, students will get an essence of just how important these values are in the comics and in the real world. Comic book superheroes didn’t just exist out of nowhere, it also had a history. According to Wandtke (2012), from the early comic strips in England whose purpose varied from entertainment to revolutionary movements, a lot of today’s superheroes came from snippets of these strips. Amazing Stories and Astounding Stories were one of the early comic book novels, which were mass produced in newspapers and in print, and one of the earliest superheroes was Superman, who was a creation of Siegel and Shuster, which came from the idea of a bizarre visitor from another world with powers greater than any man known on earth who came to save humans from evil (Gifford, 1984). Superman first came known to print in the Action Comics #1 in 1938. After Superman, a lot of heroes joined in, like Flash (who had powers of incredible speed), Hawk-Man (power of flight), Captain America (Amazing strength from a â€Å"super soldier† serum, now called steroids), and Batman (with the occasio nal appearance of his sidekick Robin). In 1962, a boy named Peter Parker was bitten by a radioactive spider, who surprisingly lived, and became Spider-Man. Most of the beginnings of superheroes reflected their time, from the Great Depression to the World War, and discoveries in science like radioactivity and quantum mechanics (Daniels, 1995). With the rise of heroes came along with their enemies, like the Joker, the Green Goblin, Electro, Magneto, and many others. The addition of these villains added suspense and action to the stories. Several ages came into play, with heroes ranging from the Silver Age to the Golden Age, with one example of a Silver Age Flash meeting his Golden Age counterpart through an alternate universe (Duncan Smith, 2009). Movie adaptations of these comic books were released, which closely resembles the comic book counterpart with an addition of unexpected scenes. Now, what do comic book superheroes have to do with physics? A professor named James Kakalios of the University of Minnesota, who is an avid fan of comic books, started to use these heroes to conceptualize physics, as most us are unaware that most of the time, comic books gets their science right. While one may think that this is a silly idea, the fact that students can learn such a complicated subject like physics in such a sophisticated and animated way like in comic books is a great way to capitalize on an innovative way to teach something without hurting. Let’s take into consideration the case of the death of Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man’s girlfriend. The story goes as the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen Stacy, bringing her to the top of Washington Bridge, luring ‘Spidey’ into battle, then dropping off Gwen to her apparent doom, but Spidey manages to catch her, by which to his surprise that she is dead. Supposing that Gwen weighs 50 kg, fell for half a second (0.5s ) and fell from 300 ft., she would have fallen with a speed of about 95 miles an hour, and the force needed by Spider-Man’s web to stop her would have to be 10 times the acceleration due to gravity (Kakalios, 2005). This explains the â€Å"SNAP† sound located next to her on the comic strip of her fall. This shows that it was the webbing of Spider-Man that killed Gwen and the concept of physics involved here were the definition of velocity and acceleration, momentum and impulse, and force. The same discussion also explains the physics behind airbags and how they prolong the time from the impact to rest (Jacobson, 2012). Compared to the earlier examples, this is easier to understand and visualize because most of the students are interested with Spider-Man and the discovery of something new. An example of when they get it right is in an issue of Super Boy (young Superman) where he coils a locomotive with metal wires, induces a current, and gets a big electromagnet. This d emonstrates simple electric induction where some may find it difficult to understand due to the terminologies like induction and repulsion and conductors and charges, but with Super Boy’s example, it all becomes clearer and easier(Weiner, 2008) (Kittel Knight, 1973). But sometimes, comic books get it wrong too. Another way to represent physics, particularly electromagnetism, is through Spider-Man’s villains, Electro and Magneto (whose names obviously represent the concept of physics they embody). In a scene where Electro faces Spider-Man, Spidey throws a metal chair to Electro and Spider-Man says that any metal can act like a metal rod, neglecting the fact that it has to be grounded for it to become a lightning rod (Jones Childers, 1993). But an episode in Superman actually gets it right when he drags someone, whom he tries to get information from, and runs along telephone cable wires, to the man’s panic, but Superman reassures him that they would be electrocuted unless the wires is grounded or when he steps on a telephone wire pole (Daniels, 1995). Students can easily learn electricity through this: wires or any conductor has to be grounded for it to become effective. But one shouldn’t be assured that the concepts presented are true all the time. But then again, Cyclops (a single eyed hero who shoots lasers from his eye band) got Newton’s Third Law of Motion wrong when he blasts a hole through the ceiling of Grand Central. If Newton’s Third Law of Motion holds, then he should have experienced an opposite reaction equal to his action of blasting a hole, unless he has a super neck strength (Booker, 2010). Present day objects are also works of the science that powers superheroes. An example is the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) where one’s body can be examined live using magnetic repulsion from a user generated magnetic field, polarizing (splitting and dividing) the water molecules, and pinging the target level for examination (Young Freedman, 2012). The same technology is used by Magneto, Spider-Man’s enemy, where he levitates himself using magnetic repulsion. This has not been done by, and to, a human being, but a group of researchers has managed to levitate a frog (Simon Geim, 2000). Another one is through Iron Man. His suit can be comprehended today part by part. The jet boots is something which many have tried doing, but only few have successfully flown 10 feet or higher. The exoskeleton suit is being worked up by the military for defense purposes and also it is being developed for those who have paralysis and body defects. The science behind the helmet, which co ntrols the suit according to the comics, is technologically feasible. Some technologies in Japan and America have done prototypes which allow mouse pointer manipulation through the signals sent by the mind to the helmet ([Distinctive Voices], 2010). And one perfect example for that is Stephen Hawking and how he is able to communicate through signal waves converted to audio through a machine on his wheelchair. But the Arc Reactor is an exemption to the rule, being purely fictional for now, for no technology today, which could explain how something on earth could how such enormous power in a small, confined space ([Russell Scott], 2014). A very complicated topic in physics, which is hard to understand from a simple person’s point of view is quantum mechanics. Quantum physics or mechanics deals with the behavior of a particle, particularly on a molecular, atomic, or in the nuclear scale (Young Freedman, 2012). It has to do with wave functions with the inclusion of Schrodinger’s equation which just simply states that force is equal to mass times acceleration for electrons, much like Newton’s second law of motion. This governs the existence of parallel and alternative universes, which up to now, has not yet been proven to exist. Using Schrodinger’s equation, given the force, there is a huge probability of locating the position of a certain electron in space (Beiser, 1967). Given a radioactive isotope (same element, different mass number) and the equation will give the probability of it having a half-life (reducing the original amount of substance by half through a time interval). Something o n a subatomic particle scale is hard to comprehend and represent, but comic books may provide some light in the teacher’s burden in teaching this topic. On the issue of the Flash # 123, four years after Everitt formulated a theory which states that there is a parallel and alternate universe and using quantum mechanics, one can go from one universe to another on a subatomic level (Booker, 2010). In the Flash issue, the Silver Age Flash meets up with his Golden Age counterpart, through which scientific explanation of Everitt’s theory was presented. The concept of time warp or time travel, which is synonymous to parallel and alternate universe theories, is not new to comics. A lot of science fiction movies have shown the movement of one person to another world through a machine of abduction of aliens. And in another comic book called The Atom, which talks about a physics professor who was trying to develop a shrinking ray, but was missing one key ingredient: a piece of a white dwarf star (because of the dwarf in the name) (Gifford, 1984). Quantum mechanics tells us that dwarf star weighs almost 50,000 tons, thus making it very dense. But the professor was seen huffing and puffing every line that he said in the speech balloon, which adds to the fact that that star was really dense. But essentially, with the white dwarf star, The Atom could exploit quantum mechanics and go beyond the atomic level, shrinking himself proportional to this atomic structure. While quantum mechanics does not disapprove of this, the ability to shrink someone has not yet been done or proven as of today (Wandtke, 2012). With all the given examples, of course not every concept of physics is present in comic books, so one should not rely on comic books to learn physics. One concept that has little instances of comic books is the concept of flight. With many superheroes with capes are seen flying, like in the case of Superman, physics cannot explain this phenomenon since there is no action from nature that could cause a cape to fly a 150 kg man (presumably) over the clouds. The concept of flight of airplanes doesn’t work on capes, and less likely on magic carpets. Another one would be how a normal human being could grow to as huge as hulk in a matter of seconds. Even with a huge amount of radioactive material, there is little chance that someone could be as strong as hulk, save for the bigger probability that a person could die due to radioactive contamination. Another is the explanation of Thor’s hammer. No one on earth could lift up Thor’s hammer, and science doesn’t have the knowledge to tell us what is inside Thor’s hammer (Kakalios, 2014). With an increasingly complicated world, people begin to overlook even the simplest of things in order to go directly to the big picture. With so many technicalities around, people are finding it harder to follow the trend of technology and the science behind them. But if one can present the idea to their audience in a manner which they could effortlessly grasp the main idea, then more people could be educated about a certain topic. Studies have shown that there is a declining rate of the student’s performance due to their teacher’s beliefs and methods of teaching (Caprara et al., 2005). Cases like this should not be overlooked and should be solved within the classroom. There are a lot of fun and meaningful ways to present concepts without the jargons. But when it comes to physics, there is no harm done in presenting it, superhero style. As long as the topic is relevant and correct, comic books can be seen, not just as a nuisance, but as an educational material worth giv ing attention to. REFERENCES: Beiser, A. (1967). Concepts of modern physics (Rev. Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Blackwell, L., Trzesniewski, K., Dweck, C. (2007). Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78 (1), 246-263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x Booker, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of comic books and graphic novels. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. Caprara, G., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., Malone, P. (2005). Teachers self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44 (6), 473-490. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001 Daniels, L. (1995). DC comics: Sixty years of the worlds favourite comic book heroes. London: Virgin Books. Duncan, R., Smith, M. (2009). The power of comics: History, form and culture. New York: Continuum. Gifford, D. (1984). The international book of comics. New York: Crescent Books. Jacobson, R. (2012, October 11). Spider-Math and Bat-Physics: Science in a Superhero World. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/getting-superheroes-to-do-their-spider-math-and-bat-physics/ Jones, E., Childers, R. (1993). Contemporary college physics (2nd Ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Kakalios, J. (2014, November 12). Finally, Science Explains Why No One Can Lift Thor’s Hammer. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://www.wired.com/2014/11/can-hulk-lift-thors-hammer/ Kakalios, J. (2005). The Physics of Superheroes. New York, New York: Gotham Books. Kittel, C., Knight, W. (1973). Mechanics (2d Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Roxas, C., Arevalo Jr., J. (1985). A History of Komiks of the Philippines and Other Countries. Quezon City: Islas Filipinas Publishing. Simon, M., Geim, A. (2000). Diamagnetic levitation: Flying frogs and floating magnets (invited). JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 87 (9), 6200-6204. Trusted, J. (1991). Physics and metaphysics: Theories of space and time. London: Routledge. Wandtke, T. (2012). The meaning of superhero comic books. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. Weiner, A. (2008, February 1). The Science of Superheroes. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://www.popsci.com/entertainment-gaming/article/2008-01/science-superheroes?image=4 Young, H., Freedman, R. (2012). Sears and Zemanskys University physics: With modern physics (13th Ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. [Distinctive Voices]. (2010, September 7). Physics of Superheroes. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXd5Y0RXLb0 [Russell Scott]. (2014, August 8). The Physics of Superheroes w/ James Kakalios and Sidney Perkowitz | 1080HD. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GBGUVsnwMI

Two Reasons why Water Resources and Traditional Rain-fed Farming in Wes

Two Reasons why Water Resources and Traditional Rain-fed Farming in West Africa have Declined Declining water resources are one of the causes of the efforts to raise the productivity of the traditional rain-fed farming in West Africa and have affected the growing season and water conservation. With the shortage of water comes the potential for conflict between several African countries. Water resources are declining in West Africa. The annual renewable water resources in West Africa reported by the World Bank in 1994 was about 350 billion cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 35.3 cubic feet). This averages out to 1,400 cu m per person per year, which is less than 20 percent of the world median water consumption per person (Rogers, 1997, 1). Water availability per capita is predicted to drop to less than one-half the present inadequate levels by 2025 (Ayub, 1994,1). North African countries are also entering a critical dilemma regarding declining water resources. At the rates of their water consumption, all available water resources will be used up within 15 years. In both the northern and western regions, water demand is continuing to rise because of growing populations and expanding economies. For instance, in Burkina Faso, the women must walk 20 miles just to get a jar of water for their families (Ayub, 1994, 1). Traditional rain-fed farming in West Africa has always been difficult. Seven of the West African countries are among the poorest in the world,1 so they have to continue the traditional method. Despite the extremely harsh environment, agriculture plays the most important factor in the economy. Farming supports 75 - 90 percent of the population while only four percent of the land can be classified as arable. The d... ...l. 159 (July, 1993): 209-218. Ayub, Mahmood Ali, and Ulrich Kuffner. "Water Management in the Maghreb." Finance and Development. no Vol no. (June 1994): 28-29. Day, John C. Soil and Water Management in West Africa." Foreign Affairs. 289 (October 23, 1989): 1-10. Pearce, Fred. "Water Supply: The World's Next Challenge." New Scientist. 129 (March 23, 1991): 34-40. Moorehead, R. "Access to resources in the Niger Inland delta, Mali. Environmental Issues in African Development Planning. Ed. J. Seeley and W. M. Adams. Rogers, Peter. "Water Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa." Britannica Online. [CD-ROM.] http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=boy/98/L04181. html&bold=on&sw=. 1998. Scudder, Thayer. "River Basin Projects in Africa." Environment. 31 (March, 1989): 4-31. Starr, Joyce R. Starr. "Water Wars." Foreign Policy. 82 (Spring 1991): 17-36.

Head Sea Defences

There are two long groynes here. These are really effect at doing their job. Although it is not clear from the image how well these work, if you go there you will see it quite evidently how well they do their jobs. In some areas with long groynes, there have been large parts of beaches rebuilt. They are made out of rubble in order to slow down the weathering caused by the waves hitting the groynes. These work by stopping sediment from being dragged across the shore by the effects of Longshore drift. Their sole purpose was to protect the beach what was already there but have surpassed expectations and added a lot of material to the beach. For a clear understanding of all the different sea defences I did an evaluation of the effectiveness and Environmental (looks). Looking at the graph, there is no doubt that the groynes are effective at what they do. For the effectiveness they received the highest rating of 2. The size of the beach been restored back and the amount protected is a large amount. With a total mark of 3 from a potential 4, it is definite that the groynes are assisting in the protection of the beach. The groynes did lose a mark for the way they look aesthetically. Being a tourist destination it was important that Hengistbury Head is pleasing to the eye. 200m Gabion: At the top, there is an image of the 200m Gabion which has been built at the South Cliff. The result of placing the Gabion here is not clearly seen but an explanation will be given. The Gabion at Hengistbury Head is a long cage which has been put in place to hold back the rocks that have been filled behind them. Also the cages absorb the force of the waves and hold back the material behind them. The Gabion is working brilliantly to protect the South Cliff. The people walking on the land at the top of the cage would not be able to walk there if it wasn't for the Gabion. The Gabion prevents slumping which stops the material falling onto the beach and keeps it in one steady place. The gabion stops the waves eroding the ground further down. There is a footpath which is not visible in this image. This footpath wouldn't be there since the waves would have reached there if the Gabions weren't built and eroded the rocks and made large cracks, making it dangerous to walk on. In the end the purpose of the Gabion is to stop the waves force reaching too close to the land and destroying it. As a total score, the 200m Gabion faired quite well, but not too well. This is because of the -1 it received for its Environmental Score. After understanding how the Gabion works the picture displays more than clearly that the effectiveness of it is brilliant. It does what it is supposed to do more than perfectly. It has prevented the waves from reaching inland and in doing so ensured that the South Cliff remains safe. The Environmental Score for the 200m Gabion was very low. This is because it conflicts with the natural beauty at Hengistbury Head. This is because it is clear that it has been placed there and looks out of place at the Top of the beach. Rubble Groynes: This is a plan view of the East facing cliff and the groynes that have been built to prevent Longshore Drift. Unlike the other image, this image shows very clearly how the groynes have affected the beach. The red arrows point out the sediment that has been caught thanks to the groynes. It might not look like much but if you consider the material each groyne has picked up, it adds up a lot. These groynes have the same purpose as the gabion, i.e. stop he waves from eroding certain parts of the beach. The groynes prevent the waves from carrying beach material out to sea. This eventually builds up to a major part of the beach. At the top there is a graph portraying the evaluation the gryones received. Since there were so many groynes present, I worked out the means by assessing each groyne then calculating the mean. The total score of the groyne is similar to other defences, but the other defences lost marks due to the way they look and at the same time gained marks from their effectiveness. The image does show that the groynes are working well, but there is more that needs to be taken into consideration. Since the groynes are just piles of rubble, it is more than likely that a piece of rock will be taken out into sea by a strong wave causing the rocks on top of it to tumble and fall. It will also not be able to withstand the force of powerful waves. They could crumble during a storm completely. This defeats their purpose since they are most needed during storms since that is when most material is taken out to sea. Environmentally the groynes would have got a higher score if they were not so many of them present. The natural beauty of the East Cliff is questioned when so many of these groynes are built Sand Dunes: The sand dune at the top here is present at South Cliff. These are naturally occurring and have a wide range of sizes. They can be anything from small hills to huge mounds. They are most commonly found at the top of beaches. These are formed when winds lift the sand from the beaches surface and are blown to the top. The sands are caught by materials that come in their way such as driftwood. Over a long period of time, the sand keeps getting deposited in the same area. This eventually grows bigger and bigger and builds up into big mounds. These dunes are a perfect place for vegetation such as Marram Grass to mature and thrive successfully. Some wildlife might also be found to nest in these dunes. These dunes are extremely prone to erosion naturally as well as human contact. These dunes absorb the force from powerful waves keeping things behind them safe. At the top you can see the sand dunes scored top marks, the best score compared to all the other sea defences present at Hengistbury Head. Because the dunes form near the cliff and are so big (in most of the cases), it protects it from erosion from the sea. Because of this I though the sand dunes deserved top marks for effectiveness. Since they form naturally it definitely deserved top marks for Environment as well. These dunes do not look out of place since they are formed from material that is found at the sea. They blend into the surroundings perfectly and add to the natural beauty of the South Cliff. Causeway: At the top here you can see an image of the causeway at the East Cliff. From the picture here you can see that the causeway is having no effect at all on the beach. It is just present there. It is a pointless waste of money, time and effort. It was put there in the intention to work like the gabion cages i.e. hold the east cliff back. Since the causeway was placed at a ridiculously low height there is no effect at all in preserving the beach. The causeway has scored the worst compared to all the sea defences present at Hengistbury Head. It achieved an overall score of -3. As you can see from my above explanation there is no reason why the causeway should get a higher score. The causeway could possibly have been a great sea defence but the fact is that this was certainly not the right place for it. It got the lowest effectiveness score for this reason. Environmentally, I did not give it the worst possible score since looking at the picture carefully, if it wasn't built there, some people could have difficulties coming down from such a tall gabion. It could possibly be used as a step from the top of the gabion to the beach surface. That is why I think it did not look that bad environmentally. The first time I saw it, I thought it was built for that purpose. Overall the causeway was a total waste of time, effort and money that could have been used for other ways of protecting Hengistbury Head. Drainage Weir: At the top you can see an image of the drainage weir present at East Cliff. The drainage weir looks like a waterfall. It is man-made and fulfils an important purpose. The purpose of the drainage weir is to drain out and down all the water (more specifically rain water) from the cliff to prevent it from becoming to saturated. If it ever does get over saturated the outcome could be major slumping. In this image you can see the drainage weir working at optimum. This is because the day we went, it was raining quite heavily. Vegetation grows very well next to the drainage weir due to the large amount of fresh water that flows from the top. Marram grass grows very well around it. The Marram grass also helps since it holds the sand together and stops it from eroding and falling. Looking at how effective it is in the weather this picture was taken in, it shows how effective it is. The bar graph here shows that it is as effective as the sand dunes. It has also scored a 4 out of a possible four. The effectiveness is unquestionable as you can see in the above image. The sheer amount of water flowing down from the top shows its effectiveness. Without it, there would definitely be a problem with slumping. It also got top scores for environmental since it does look very good. Being a man-made object, it perfectly fits the environment and at the same time fulfils its purpose. Gabion Cages: At the top you can see an image of the gabion cages present at the East Cliff. If you look clearly at the image, you can see some sand at the bottom of the causeway. It is very clear that the gabion cages are doing their job. These gabion cages are filled with rocks just like the other ones. The gabion cages absorb the impact from the waves and holds them back, preventing them from reaching the east cliff and eroding it. They are doing exactly this but they are doing it well. They are stopping material being dragged into the sea and preventing erosion of the east cliff. The gabion cages have been placed on top of the causeway in order to have a much higher height. Also the causeway is not tall enough to protect the cliff. The cliffs have started to slump but the gabions have managed to drastically slow it down. At the top you can see an image evaluating the Gabion Cages' Effectiveness and Environmental. The total score being a 0 is not that good. The score was mainly affected by the Environmental rating, since it looked out of place completely and harshly affected the natural beauty of the Eat Cliff. Considering all this I decided to give it a -1 for an Environmental rating. It would have got a much better score if it wasn't for the presence of the cages and ruining the final outcome, but removing the cages would allow the rocks to fall over. The gabion cages are definitely effective as you can see in the photo. But I still have it a rating of 1 instead of 2 since there is some material creeping over them. This is quite bad since over a period of time the Cliff could slump over the gabion cages. Rip Rap: At the image at the top you can see an image of the Rip Rap which is visible at East Cliff. Rip rap is basically a lot of rocks scattered along the beach in order to absorb the energy from very strong waves and breaks them before they reach the cliff base. This type of sea defence is very cheap to put into action but at the same time it is extremely effective. It is a very good way of reducing the damage that might have been caused if powerful waves were allowed to get to the cliff base. Because of its effectiveness it slumping caused by undercutting is very unlikely to occur and because of this expensive ways to reduce slumping can be not put in place too often. In the end the rip rap is a perfect all round way of defending the cliff base and reduces slumping. At the top you can see an image of the Rip Rap's (present as South Cliff) score for its defence evaluation. It got an overall score of 2 which it deserved quite fairly and is quite a good score anyways. I gave it a score of 1 for its effectiveness because there were not any excessive amounts of slumping at the South cliff where the rip rap was present. Environmentally the rip rap fitted in its environment and blended in quite well but since it was fairly obvious that the rocks were placed there since the boulders were quite large and they were not any visible cracks on the cliff big enough to fit any one of the large boulders. But it did blend into the surroundings very well. The natural beauty of Hengistbury Head was not affected by the rip rap. Sea Wall: The picture at the top is an image of the Sea Wall at Mudeford Spit. Sea Walls vary in size and materials in which they are made from. The sea wall at Mudeford Spit is made of large concrete slabs that have been laid on top of each other. They have been place next to the beach huts to protect them from all types of waves that could potentially erode the ground on which the huts are built on. They are barriers against weak and strong waves. Unlike some other sea other defences like the gabions, the wall does not absorb any of the waves but just prevents the waves from reaching far ahead up the beach. The sea wall breaks the waves before they reach the huts, so even if they go above the wall the water will just spray on the huts. But if a tall and powerful wave does have the force to cover enough distance to reach the huts then it is very likely for the huts to get damaged since if it had enough force to reach up to the huts then it will definitely have enough to cause some serious damage. This is a problem because of the rather small height of the sea wall. But I think it is highly unlikely for a wave with that intensity to reach Hengistbury Head but due to the effects of Global Warming there can never be any assurance. At the top you can see an image of the evaluation the Sea Wall received based on its Effectiveness and Environmental. Mudeford Spit's natural beauty was already tarnished thanks to the littering, vandalism and beach huts but now thanks to the sea wall, the little left beauty has vanished. The Beach huts definitely stood out but kind of fitted into the area but this concrete slab wall does not fit in at all. It got an Environmental score of -2 for that reason. It did not deserve anything higher. I gave it a rating of 1 for its Effectiveness, because it definitely does what its suppose to do without any problems, but I didn't give it a two since it would've have been better if it was higher. This would have made the beach huts feel a bit safer. But the huts are still standing strong because of the sea wall. The final score the sea wall received a -1. The environmental score dragged the score down a significant amount. Beach Nourishment: At the top you can see two images. Both of them are images of the equipment needed to perform Beach Nourishment. Beach Nourishment is a simple idea which entails taking sand from a source (usually another beach) and dumping it into the beach which requires nourishment. This process is important because although most of the sea defences might be working efficiently to tackle the beach erosion, there is still a lot of sand that is carried out into the sea because of the waves. It is sometimes needed in order to widen a beach. This method doesn't stop erosion but simply replaces what has been lost by the waves. It balances the amount of sand on the beach because the areas of the beach are unlikely to lose similar amounts of sand. By replacing the sand from the worst affected area it makes the beach look more pleasing to the eye. A problem with this method is that the sand needs to be continually replaced since the sand naturally on the beach erodes away slower than the sand that has been artificially added. At the top you can see an image of the graph with the evaluation of Beach Nourishment. Beach Nourishment has also been awarded the top score with a four out of four. The Beach Nourishment is definitely an effective way of dealing with the wave's strong backwash. It allows the artificially added waves to be carried out the beach rather than the natural sands. And for Environmental, it deserved a two because it just replaces what needs to be there. It makes the beach look more complete. The only environmental effect it has on the beach is to improve it. Groynes: The various groynes seen in the satellite image below can be found at Mudeford spit. Looking at the image below you can see just how effective these groynes really are. They are doing a fantastic job of stopping the sediment in the waves from moving down the beach. The sediment is being carried down the beach by nothing more then long shore drift. Although long shore drift created Mudeford spit it could also destroy it or make it so big that the harbour becomes closed. For these reasons these groynes have had to be put in place. Looking at the bar graph above overall the groynes have done very well with an overall score of 3 out of 4. Environmentally on Mudeford spit because it is so crowded by beach huts I do not think that the vast amount of groynes effects the natural appearance of Mudeford spit. Nothing short of perfect describes the effectiveness of these groynes it is truly amazing how much sediment they have trapped over the years.